Basic Immunology Functions And Disorders of the Immune System 4th Edition by Abul K. Abbas – Test Bank

ISBN-10: 1455707074, ISBN-13: 9781455707072

Chapter 01: Introduction to the Immune System

Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The principal function of the immune system is:
2. Defense against cancer
3. Repair of injured tissues
4. Defense against microbial infections
5. Prevention of inflammatory diseases
6. Protection against environmental toxins

ANS: C

The immune system has evolved in the setting of selective pressures imposed by microbial infections. Although immune responses to cancer may occur, the concept that “immunosurveillance” against cancer is a principal function of the immune system is controversial. Repair of injured tissues may be a secondary consequence of the immune responses and inflammation. Although the immune system has regulatory features that are needed to prevent excessive inflammation, prevention of inflammatory diseases is not a primary function. The immune system can protect against microbial toxins, but it generally does not offer protection against toxins of nonbiologic origin.

2. Which of the following infectious diseases was prevented by the first successful vaccination?
3. Polio
4. Tuberculosis
5. Smallpox
6. Tetanus
7. Rubella

ANS: C

In 1798, Edward Jenner reported the first intentional successful vaccination, which was against smallpox in a boy, using material from the cowpox pustules of a milkmaid. In 1980, smallpox was reported to be eradicated worldwide by a vaccination program. Effective vaccines against tetanus toxin, rubella virus, and poliovirus were developed in the 20th century and are widely used. There is no effective vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

3. A previously healthy 8-year-old boy is infected with an upper respiratory tract virus for the first time. During the first few hours of infection, which one of the following events occurs?
4. The adaptive immune system responds rapidly to the virus and keeps the viral infection under control.
5. The innate immune system responds rapidly to the viral infection and keeps the viral infection under control.
6. Passive immunity mediated by maternal antibodies limits the spread of infection.
7. B and T lymphocytes recognize the virus and stimulate the innate immune response.
8. The virus causes malignant transformation of respiratory mucosal epithelial cells, and the malignant cells are recognized by the adaptive immune system.

ANS: B 

The innate immune response to microbes develops within hours of infection, well before the adaptive immune response. B and T lymphocytes are components of the adaptive immune response, and they would not be able to respond to a newly encountered virus before the innate immune response. An 8-year-old boy would no longer have maternal antibodies from transplacental passive transfer and is unlikely to be breast-feeding, which is another potential source of maternal antibodies. Malignant transformation takes months or years to develop.

4. Which of the following is a unique property of the adaptive immune system?
5. Highly diverse repertoire of specificities for antigens
6. Self-nonself discrimination
7. Recognition of microbial structures by both cell-associated and soluble receptors
8. Protection against viral infections
9. Responses that have the same kinetics and magnitude on repeated exposure to the same microbe

ANS: A

Highly diverse repertoires of specificities for antigens are found only in T and B lymphocytes, which are the central cellular components of the adaptive immune system. Both the innate and the adaptive immune systems use cell-associated and soluble receptors to recognize microbes, display some degree of self-nonself discrimination, and protect against viruses. On repeated exposure to the same microbe, the adaptive immune response becomes more rapid and of greater magnitude; this is the manifestation of memory.

5. Antibodies and T lymphocytes are the respective mediators of which two types of immunity?
6. Innate and adaptive
7. Passive and active
8. Specific and nonspecific
9. Humoral and cell-mediated
10. Adult and neonatal

ANS: D

Both B and T lymphocytes are principal components of adaptive immunity. B lymphocytes produce antibodies, which are the recognition and effector molecules of humoral immune responses to extracellular pathogens. T cells recognize and promote eradication of intracellular pathogens in cell-mediated immunity. Passive and active immunity both can be mediated by either B or T lymphocytes. Specific immunity is another term for adaptive immunity. Both B and T lymphocytes participate in adult adaptive immunity but are still developing in the neonatal period.