Big History Between Nothing and Everything 1st Edition By david Christian – Test Bank
Chapter 01: The Universe, Stars, and New Chemical Elements
True/False
- At the end of the nineteenth century, Henrietta Leavitt studied a special type of star whose brightnessseems to vary in a regular pattern. These were known asCepheid variables.
Answer: True
Page: 16
Explanation: At the end of the nineteenthcentury Henrietta Leavitt, an American astronomer,studied a special type of star whose brightnessseems to vary in a regular pattern. These were known asCepheid variables, after the constellation of Cepheus inwhich they were first detected.
2.Red-shifted objects were those remote objects in the universe that seemed to be moving toward the Earth.
Answer: False
Page: 17
Explanation: Mostremote objects in the universe seemed to be red-shifted.In other words, they seemed to be moving away from theEarth.
- The big bang theory had no explanation for the source of cosmic background radiation (CBR). The steady state theory, however, predicted it.
Answer: False
Page: 20
Explanation: The steady state theory had no way of explaining the source of CBR.Butthe big bang theory predicted it.
- The process by which protons smashtogether to form helium nuclei is known as fission.
Answer: False
Page: 23
Explanation: The process by which protons smashtogether to form helium nuclei is known as fusion. As protonsfuse, a tiny amount of their matter is converted into alot of energy.
- The Hertzprung–Russell (H–R) diagram is a graph that plots the real brightness ofeach star against its surface temperature.
Answer: True
Page: 26
Explanation: In 1910, a Danish astronomer,Ejnar Hertzsprung, and an American astronomer, HenryRussell, found a way of distilling the rapidly accumulatinginformation about stars in a way that began to explaina lot about the life cycles of stars. They assembledinformation about many different stars into a simplegraph. On one axis they plotted the real brightness ofeach star; and on the other theyshowed its surface temperature. The graph they produced isknown as a Hertzprung–Russell (H–R) diagram.
Multiple Choice
- _____ is the change in the apparent relationshipbetween two fixed objects caused by the movementof anobserver.
- Fusion
- Parallax
- Red shift
- The Doppler effect
Answer: B
Page: 15
Explanation: Measuring the distance to the stars is a subtle and complex problem. The ancient Greeks already knew in principle how todo it—through the use of parallax: the change in the apparent relationship between two fixed objects caused by the movementof the observer. Parallax depends on the fact thatas the observermoves, objects in the middle distance (suchas a nearby star) seem to move against objectsthat are farther away (such as more remote stars or galaxies).
- _____ are formed when stars aresucked into the huge black holes that seem to lie at thecenter of all galaxies.
- Quasars
- Cepheid variables
- Red giants
- Spectroscopes
Answer: A
Page: 21
Explanation: Quasar standsfor “quasi-stellar radio source”; quasars form as stars aresucked into the huge black holes that seem to lie at thecenter of all galaxies.
- _____ acts asa sort of antigravity, driving things apart rather than pullingthem together.
- Plasma energy
- Dark matter
- Atomic matter
- Dark energy
Answer: D
Page: 21
Explanation: In the late 1990s it became apparent that therate of expansion of the universe is accelerating, and mostcosmologists believe that this acceleration is driven by anew form of energy, known as dark energy, which acts asa sort of antigravity, driving things apart rather than pullingthem together.
- Hydrogen deuterium weighs about twice as much as anormal atom of hydrogen because:
- it has an atomic number of 92.
- it contains 6 protons and 8 neutrons.
- it also contains a neutron in its nucleus.
- its neutron weighs twice as much as its proton.
Answer: C
Page: 26
Explanation: A tiny number of hydrogen atoms (roughly 0.02 percent)also have a neutron in their nucleus. This form is called hydrogen deuterium. It weighs about twice as much as anormal atom of hydrogen because neutrons have about thesame mass as a proton. Chemists call such deviant formsof atoms isotopes.
- In _____ bonds, almost all atoms loseelectrons from their outer shells, and a great number of unattached electrons flow through and between the individual atoms.
- hydrogen
- metallic
- ionic
- covalent
Answer: B
Page: 30
Explanation: In metallic bonds, thebonds that hold most metals together, almost all atoms loseelectrons from their outer shells, and hordes of unattachedelectrons flow through and between the individual atoms.Because each atom has lost an electron, it has a slight positivecharge, so it is attracted to the sea of electrons flowingaround it.
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